How does implementing changes in the fourth Rummler Brache approach generally occur?

In the fourth Rummler-Brache approach, implementing changes primarily involves programming changes and retraining staff. This method focuses on improving performance by directly addressing the processes and systems within an organization. When significant alterations are made to existing processes—such as new technology adoption or modifications in workflow—it's critical that the staff involved are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to adapt to these changes.

By retraining staff, organizations ensure that employees understand how to implement and operate within the new system effectively. This step is vital for achieving the intended improvements in productivity and efficiency. In contrast, focusing solely on policy adjustments, structuring training programs without a direct link to changes in programming, or relying on external consultants alone, may not provide the comprehensive internal change that is needed for long-term success. These approaches may lack the direct involvement and adaptation from the workforce that programming changes and retraining offer.